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宣化牛奶葡萄

来源:鲜淘网 2024-10-24 09:36:16      鲜淘网 手机版

宣化牛奶葡萄


　　介绍：

宣化牛奶葡萄，属欧亚种（Vitis Feval）东方品种群，是中国古老的优质葡萄品种之一，分布于中国西北、华北地区，主要产地为新疆吐鲁番盆地和河北的宣化、怀来等地，其中宣化地区栽培面积占栽培总面积的85%以上。宣化牛奶葡萄，种植历史悠久，品质优异，素有“刀切牛奶不流汁”之美誉，为中国北方最著名的鲜食品种之一。

1 栽培历史 　

据《耶律楚材传》，牛奶葡萄在宣化栽培最早可以追溯到公元873年-888年（唐代僖宗年间），宣化最图2宣化群众早栽培的一架葡萄是在鼓楼西的慈恩寺院内，系一僧人由西域引入，以后逐步传开，主要栽植于房前屋后，供自食及乘凉观赏用，因此形成了适于庭院栽培的独特漏斗架式，具有深厚的历史文化内涵。1909年，京张铁路开通后，宣化葡萄销路大开，种植规模逐步扩大。宣化牛奶葡萄在明清时期曾经作为皇家贡品；著名的戏剧家曹禺先生，对民国初年前后的宣化就有如下回忆：“余孩提时，随父居住宣化。古城秋暮，军号吹来，犹绕耳边，音凄日落，不能自己。然犹口中葡萄颗粒甘鲜。”20世纪20-30年代，宣化葡萄种植面积多时达1万余架，年产量达300余万斤，历年销售“远及南洋与国外”。京津的鲜货客商每到葡萄结果以后，就络绎不绝地来到宣化。他们把这里的葡萄一架一架包了去，等到葡萄下架后，再打发驮子来驮。从1956年开始至1983年，宣化牛奶葡萄再次畅销国际市场，年出口量多达l00多万斤，年年供不应求。

2 品质特点 　

宣化牛奶葡萄果形似牛的乳头，故称牛奶葡萄，古时为朝廷贡品。解放后曾出口二十多个国家和地区，

鲜果以皮薄、肉脆、多汁、皮可剥离而闻名，素有“刀切牛奶不流汁”之美誉，为中国北方最著名的鲜食品种之一。由于其有晶莹剔透、甜酸可口的特有品质，使人久食不厌，深受消费者的好评。1909年曾在巴拿马国际物产博览会（也称巴拿马万国博览会）上获荣誉奖，1997年在河北省首届农展会上被评为品牌产品，1999年昆明世博会上获铜奖。2007年，宣化牛奶葡萄先后获得国家质量监督检验检疫总局批准的地理标志产品保护和国家工商行政管理总局商标局批准的地理标志证明商标。

3 生产情况 　

葡萄栽培在宣化有历史悠久，在宣化经济中占有重要地位，有“半城葡萄半城钢”之说。1996年该县为宣化牛奶葡萄注册了“春光牌”商标，2007年，又注册了宣化牛奶葡萄国家地理商标。2009年，宣化白牛奶葡萄在宣化区有3000亩左右，多为百年以上的庭院漏斗架式，具有很好的观赏性、较高的经济效益和一定的历史人文价值，鲜果年产量1500吨，发展前景看好。从2001年开始，宣化区全面启动了牛奶葡萄提纯复壮工程，努力恢复品性，提高品质。

4 生长环境 　

北纬40°分割线，是世界葡萄专家公认的高品质葡萄生产的生命线，北纬40°的阳光格外适合葡萄的生长和成熟，而山地、丘陵也恰恰是葡萄树最适合的生长地理环境。法国、意大利、德国、西班牙等诸多国家的葡萄酒名庄都在这条纬度上。宣化古城坐落在北纬40°31’，东经115°2’，同样具有优良的葡萄生长条件。特殊的地域特征决定了宣化牛奶葡萄的优良品质。宣化区地处冀西北山间盆地至宣化盆地的北缘，北纬40°31’，东经115°2’，宣化盆地是一个典型的新生代山间河谷断裂凹陷盆地，呈西北至东南方向展布，中心部位有洋河自西向东南穿流而过，

盆地四周群山环抱，南有娘娘山、黄羊山，北有烟筒山，东有尖草顶，大北山等。最高点烟筒山海拔1023.2米，最低点洋河畔海拔591米。地势东北高、西南低，逐渐倾斜。平原、河川与山地、丘陵面积各半。地下水源丰富，灌溉条件良好。土壤PH值为8－8.5，多为轻质洪冲积物淡粟钙土和沙质洪冲积物淡粟钙土，富含碳酸钙、丰富的钙、钾质含量，对葡萄糖分的转化促进根系发育、提高叶片的同化率极为有利，使得宣化牛奶葡萄不仅品质好，而且含糖量也明显增加，果肉脆而多汁。优越的气候条件是宣化牛奶葡萄质量的保证。宣化属东亚大陆性温带季风气候区，夏季凉爽，冬季寒冷，春季多风沙。年平均日照时数2906.4小时，最多3047.6小时，最少2612.6小时；年平均气温8℃，最冷的1月份平均气温－20.9℃，最热的七月份平均气温24℃，绝对最高气温39.1℃；年平均降雨量400毫米左右，最高560毫米左右，最低240毫米左右；年平均无霜期139天，无重霜期最晚终霜在5月中下旬，因此，空气干燥，雨量较少，大气透明度好，光能资源十分丰富，有利于葡萄的生长和品质的提高。丰富的自然资源，孕育了宣化牛奶葡萄独有品质。宣化独特的地形地貌，具有四季分明、光照充足、无霜期短、光照时间比较集中、降雨普遍低、昼夜温差较大等显著特点，孕育了宣化牛奶葡萄的粒大、皮薄、肉厚、味甜、品质好、酸甜比适中的独有品质。宣化牛奶葡萄以庭院式栽培为主，采用独特的漏斗架型，为世界罕见，是祖先留下来的文化遗产，具有深刻的文化内涵，同时漏斗架型容易抵抗风沙，葡萄采光更均匀，更容易凝聚水肥。

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